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Tuesday, May 31, 2011

Project Aims to Gauge Preschool Autistic Programs



By Rick Nauert PhD Senior News Editor
Reviewed by John M. Grohol, Psy.D.on May 20, 2011

 A University of Miami initiative is one of the first to compare the reliability of two treatments for preschoolers with autism.

The project is the first part of a four-year project to analyze the comparative efficacy of preschool programs for children with ASD.

Scientists looked at two comprehensive programs for autistic children in preschool: the Treatment and Education of Autistic and Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH) and the Learning Experiences and Alternative Programs for Preschoolers and Their Parents (LEAP).

The two models were chosen because they are well established and widely used in public school systems in the U.S.

Goals include developing and validating assessment measures to demonstrate that the classrooms in the study are actually implementing the teaching models at high levels of adherence. Those assessment tools would then be used to evaluate intervention programs for children with autism, all over the country.

“This is an important first step. We hope that the utilization of these kinds of fidelity tools will enable schools to more closely monitor the degree to which intervention methods are being delivered, relative to what the model intends,” said principal investigator Michael Alessandri, Ph.D.

“If these useful methods are adopted, parents will have a way to assess the quality of their child’s treatment.”

The study took place in 34 classrooms, during four months of the school year. A maximum of four observations were made in each class.

The findings may help explain differences in children’s responses to different intervention treatments, said co-author Anibal Gutierrez, Ph.D.

“If we can ensure that the different programs are all good programs, implemented at a high level of fidelity, then we may be able to attribute differences in outcomes to individual child differences,” said Gutierrez. “We could explain why children with a particular profile may benefit from one program over another.”

Understanding how closely an intervention model adheres to its intended plan may also help to scale up programs within the broader community, said Drew Coman, Ph.D.

“I believe these measure not only provide a brief guide to implement one of these treatment programs, but they also provide a way to see the strengths of a particular classroom as well as identify the features that may need a bit more support and improvement,” said Coman.

“Ultimately, these measures provide a means to conduct such evaluations, and will hopefully lead to more support for teachers, better classrooms, and ideally improved student outcomes for students with ASD.”

The findings are published online in the current issue of the journal Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Source: University of Miami

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Women Expect Lower Salaries, Slower Promotions



By Rick Nauert PhD Senior News Editor
Reviewed by John M. Grohol, Psy.D.on May 20, 2011

 A new research effort finds that Canadian women have lower career expectations than men and anticipate less reimbursement and longer waits for promotions. At the same time, men often have unrealistic goals and salary aspirations.

Sean Lyons, Ph.D., compared career expectations of Canadian female and male university students and discovered that women predict their starting salaries to be 14 per cent less than what men forecast.

This gap in wage expectations widens over their careers with women anticipating their earnings to be 18 per cent less than men after five years on the job.

As for their first promotion, the study found women expect to wait close to two months longer than men for their first step up the corporate ladder. “It’s a bit of a chicken-and-egg-situation,” said the business professor.

“Women know that they currently aren’t earning as much as men so they enter the workforce with that expectation. Because they don’t expect to earn as much, they likely aren’t as aggressive when it comes to negotiating salaries or pay raises and will accept lower-paying jobs than men, which perpetuates the existing inequalities.”

The study, to be published in the journal Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, involved surveying more than 23,000 Canadian university students about salary and promotion expectations as well as career priorities.

Unfortunately, the perception and expectation of bias is in fact reality as university-educated women earn only 68 percent of the salaries of equally qualified men, according to a 2008 Canadian Labor Force Survey.

“This study shows that women aren’t blissfully ignorant and know the gender gap exists,” said Lyons.

However, the researchers were surprised by the results considering the students are part of the “millennial” generation characterized as more egalitarian.

Lyons said the disparity in career expectations between genders partly reflects inflated expectations of young men.

“Overall we found the male students’ expectations are way too high. These results may indicate that women are just more realistic about their salary expectations.”

Gender gaps in salary expectation and career advancement were widest among students planning to enter male-dominated fields such as science and engineering and narrowest for those preparing for female-dominated or neutral fields such as arts and science.

Another factor influencing women’s lower career expectations could be the gender differences in career priorities, Lyons said. The study found that women were more likely to choose balancing their personal life with their careers and contributing to society as top career priorities.

Whereas men preferred priorities associated with higher salaries, such as career advancement and building a sound financial base.

“It may be that women expect to trade off higher salaries for preferences in lifestyle.”

Women’s lower expectations might also reflect their seeking career information from other working women, added Lyons.

“If these students are asking their mothers or other older women for their experiences, they will be getting a reflection of the historical inequality.”

Despite differing expectations, the study found women and men have the exact same levels of self confidence and self-efficacy.

“Our study shows women don’t feel inferior to men and view themselves as every bit as capable as their male counterparts.”

Current strategies to improve workforce equality aim to increase the number of women in male-dominated fields. However, Lyons said post-secondary students need accurate salary information before they begin working.

“Professors and career counselors should make it a priority to provide students with accurate information regarding actual salaries and expected promotion rates for university graduates in their field,” he said.

“Awareness is essential to empowering these young women to think differently about the way they value themselves relative to their male colleagues.”

Source: University of Guelph

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NewsDopamine Release Fuels Anxiety in Brains of AnorexicsCrossing Arms Confuses Brain But Relieves Hand PainProject Aims to Gauge Preschool Autistic ProgramsDifficulty Processing Fear Tied to Risk of PsychopathyImproved Animal Model Aids Study of Major DepressionFamily Mental Illness Stressful for CaregiversBrain Connects the Dots in Line Drawings
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Crossing Arms Confuses Brain But Relieves Hand Pain



By Traci Pedersen Associate News Editor
Reviewed by John M. Grohol, Psy.D.on May 22, 2011

If your hand hurts, simply cross your arms; it will confuse the brain and reduce your pain intensity, say scientists at University College London. 

Researchers believe this happens because of conflicting information between two of the brain’s maps: the one for your body and the one for external space.

Since the left hand typically performs actions on the left side of space (and the right hand performs on the right side), these two maps work together to create powerful impulses in response to stimuli. When the arms are crossed, however, the two maps are mismatched and information processing becomes weaker — resulting in less pain.

“Perhaps when we get hurt, we should not only “rub it better” but also cross our arms,” said lead author Dr. Giandomenico Iannetti of the UCL department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience.

Using a laser, scientists produced a four millisecond pin prick of ‘pure pain’ (pain without touch) on the hands of a small group of eight volunteers.  It was then repeated with their arms crossed. The partipants’ brain responses to the pain were measured through electroencephalography (EEG); the volunteers also gave a rating on how much pain they felt during each circumstance.

The results from both the EEG and the participants’ reports revealed that the perception of pain was weaker when the arms were crossed.

“In everyday life you mostly use your left hand to touch things on the left side of the world, and your right hand for the right side of the world — for example when picking up a glass of water on your right side you generally use your right hand,” says Iannetti.

“This means that the areas of the brain that contain the map of the right body and the map of right external space are usually activated together, leading to highly effective processing of sensory stimuli. When you cross your arms these maps are not activated together anymore, leading to less effective brain processing of sensory stimuli, including pain, being perceived as weaker.”

According to the scientists, this new research could lead to novel clinical therapies to reduce pain that exploit the brain’s way of representing the body.

The study is published in the journal PAIN.

Source: University College London

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